This area of ​​research examines the effects of attacks and defenses on people's reputations, as well as forgiveness. The focus is on the effects of counterfactual communication ("If ... then ..."), a strategic representation of the past that highlights possible alternatives.

Ongoing Research Projects:

• Gender Attack in Politics – Effects of Attacks and Gender Stereotypes in Politics
• Counterfactuals & Forgiving – If Only Thoughts and their Effects on Forgiveness